Word Order in Spanish

The subject of word order in Spanish can be quite complex, so this lesson should be considered merely an introduction. As you study Spanish, you will encounter a wide variety of ways of ordering words in a sentence, many of them ways that are impossible or awkward in English. In general, Spanish is more flexible with its word order than English is. In both languages, a typical statement consists of a noun followed by a verb followed by an object (if the verb has an object). In English, variations from that norm are used mostly for literary effect. But in Spanish, changes in the word order can be heard in everyday conversation or seen frequently in everyday writing such as that found in newspapers and magazines. Typical Word Orders The chart below shows examples of some common ways of ordering words. Note that in many sentences the subject can be omitted if it can be understood from the context. As a beginning student, you dont need to memorize these word-order possibilities, but you should be familiar with these common schemes so you dont trip over them when you come across them. Type Order Example Comment Statement Subject, verb Roberto estudia. (Roberto is studying.) This word order is extremely common and can be considered the norm. Statement Subject, verb, object Roberto compr el libro. (Roberto bought the book.) This word order is extremely common and can be considered the norm. Statement Subject, object pronoun, verb Roberto lo compr. (Roberto bought it.) This word order is extremely common and can be considered the norm. Object pronouns precede conjugated verbs; they can be attached at the end of infinitives and present participles. Question Question word, verb, subject Dnde est el libro? (Where is the book?) This word order is extremely common and can be considered the norm. Exclamation Exclamatory word, adjective, verb, subject Qu linda es Roberta! (How beautiful Roberta is!) This word order is extremely common and can be considered the norm. Many exclamations omit one or more of these sentence parts. Statement Verb, noun Sufren los nios. (The children are suffering.) Placing the verb ahead of the noun can have the effect of placing more emphasis on the verb. In the sample sentence, the emphasis is more on the suffering than who is suffering. Statement Object, verb, noun El libro lo escribi Juan. (John wrote the book.) Placing the object at the beginning of the sentence can have the effect of placing more emphasis on the object. In the sample sentence, the emphasis is on what was written, not who wrote it. The pronoun lo, although redundant, is customary in this sentence construction. Statement Adverb, verb, noun Siempre hablan los nios. (The children are always talking.) In general, Spanish adverbs are kept close to the verbs they modify. If an adverb starts a sentence, the verb frequently follows. Phrase Noun, adjective la casa azul y cara (the expensive blue house) Descriptive adjectives, especially ones that describe something objectively, usually are placed after the nouns they modify. Phrase Adjective, noun Otras casas (other houses); mi querida amiga (my dear friend) Adjectives of number and other nondescriptive adjectives usually precede the noun. Often, so do adjectives being used to describe something subjectively, such as to impart an emotional quality to it. Phrase Preposition, noun en la caja (in the box) Note that Spanish sentences can never end in a preposition, as is commonly done in English. Command Verb, subject pronoun Estudia t. (Study.) Pronouns are often unnecessary in commands; when used, they nearly always immediately follow the verb. Sample Sentences Demonstrating Spanish Word Order The sentences below  are examples of Spanish as it is most commonly ordered: La atencià ³n a los recià ©n llegados es un reto para las Fuerzas de Seguridad. (Attention to the recently arrived is a challenge for the Security Forces. Here the word order is almost to what you would find in English.) Diagnostican por error una gripe a una joven y terminan amputà ¡ndole la pierna. (They diagnosed the flu by mistake in a boy and ended up amputating his leg. Here the phrase por error, meaning by mistake, is kept closer to the verb, diagnostican, than it would be in English.) Un coche blanco serà ¡ mà ¡s fresco en verano. (A white car will be cooler in summer. The adjective blanco, meaning white, comes after the word for car, coche, not before.)  ¿Dà ³nde està ¡n las oportunidades? (Where are the opportunities? In simple questions, English and Spanish word order can be identical.) Es importante que me diga con quià ©n saliste. (It is important that you tell me who you left with. The pronoun object me, me in English, comes before diga, you left,  the reverse of English. And while the English sentence ends with the preposition with, in Spanish con must come before the word here for who, quià ©n.) Key Takeaways Although word order in Spanish is often similar to that of English, Spanish can be more flexible.Among the key differences are  that descriptive adjectives usually follow nouns, and Spanish sentences cannot end in a preposition.Spanish adverbs usually are placed next to or very close to the words they modify.

Private Public partnership Free Essays

Over the last few decades, our administration focuses on developing our economy where they can address the problem of poverty and of modernization on the Philippines. As our country is still developing and the government resources are limited, new ideas and strategies such as partnerships are needed. This highly evolved development strategy is nowadays termed as Public Private Partnerships (Pops), is a cooperative venture between the public and private sectors in the provision of goods or services which is traditionally provided by the state (Recite Affable, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Private Public partnership or any similar topic only for you Order Now The public and private sectors have common goals and their partnership can take advantage of the separate strengths of each to achieve their objectives. On the Executive Summary of Proceedings about Public-Private Partnerships in the Social Sector they elaborated that the private sector exists to make a profit and applies market-based solutions to problems while the public sector attempts to ensure equity and access for citizens and redresses problems of market failure (Asian Development Bank Institute, 1999). On view of this program, there will e greater opportunities that will come in the future especially in developing our country economically. The program caters mainly to the needs of the public users and also it creates an environment where there will always be consistent growth. Many are still skeptical and in fear of the Private Public Partnerships. Mainly because of there is a conflict of interest between the public and private sector and also there is a chance of higher transaction cost due to its long term contract. An article entitled, For Mutual Benefit-the Advantages and Challenges of Public-Private Partnerships cited, the state, that often provides the fixed assets and even the financing for APP is interested in improving the delivery of public goods and services; while on the other hand, private firms are concerned with enhancing profitability and the welfare of their stockholders (FIT Consulting, Inc. , 2012). On this sample risk, it shows that both sectors have different objectives which create a negative impact on the status of nation’s social and economic health. In this partnership, the government and the public sector must work together to establish quality standards that will help OTOH of them in the long run. Real partnerships will require Joint planning and discussions and better specifications of the potential roles for each other is needed (Asian Development Bank Institute, 1999). Therefore; accountability, monitoring and transparency by both the public and private sector is really significant. On the conference in Tokyo, Dry. Patricia Craig (Asian Development Bank Institute, 1999) highlighted the urgency of solving some of the problems of the social sector today because of the intensifying pressures of population ageing and globalization on this sector. With the ever increasing population, greater expectations and demands from the society, our government is facing an increasing pressure to deliver new and improved services with only limited resources available. Thus, the private sectors who are much more knowledgeable in terms of market rules and the ability to deliver projects on time can greatly aid the government in providing the services to the public in a way that benefits the people and delivers economic development. Our country today experiences a so called ‘infrastructure deficit’, evidenced by congested odds, deteriorated schools, lack of facilities in the hospitals, poorly maintained transit and water treatment systems, and other infrastructure assets which are either non-existent or in urgent need of repair (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2008). Because of the increasing shortage of government funds as evidenced by lack of facilities and manpower, our country critically requires a more serious look at the APP option. With the help of the partnership program, the problems that our country is facing will be addressed properly since there will be proper distribution of susceptibilities between the private and public sectors. And as a developing country trying to approximate good governance, the Philippines has already properly characterized the private sector is its most potent partner in meeting said formidable infrastructure challenges, through Pops (Recite Affable, 2006). Public Private Partnership will surely addressed the challenges of reducing poverty and establishing a more rapid developing system. The program will surely be a reliable strategy that can efficiently deliver its services. Sine there will be proper identification of the needs of our country, there will also be proper implementation of all projects planned by our government with the help of the private sector. This can too produce more Job opportunities for Filipinos since there will be more infrastructure projects so manpower will also be required. Also, the needs of the people will be properly catered since facilities are being improved and properly maintained. The APP agenda in various infrastructure sectors and development projects, is aimed at facilitating trading and investments thereby reinforcing the amounts investment climate and its competitiveness in the Asia and with the rest of the world (Recite Affable, 2006). The Philippines is regarded as an ideal site for investment because of our rich natural resources, highly educated people and a high standard lifestyle at a low cost. With the help of APP, our country will invite more foreign investors which results to an economic growth. Private-public Partnership is a program that will provide greater opportunities in developing our country economically today and in the future. Because the program caters to the needs of the people, as a result, it creates an environment where there is growth and prosperity. Though many doubt the effectiveness of partnership between the private and public sector, but a change from the traditional welfare state is a moving step towards productivity. In reality, markets are imperfect and government may not always work in favor of the most disadvantaged but each sector can do certain things well. In order to have a good governance the private sector needs to consider its social responsibility while the public sector needs to create the appropriate legal and ejaculatory structures as well as a democratic and participatory process in decision making (Recite Affable, 2006). Real partnerships will involve Joint planning by the public and private sectors, where a culture of true cooperation will need to develop. How to cite Private Public partnership, Papers

Spartacus Essays - Third Servile War, Roman Gladiators,

Spartacus Who was Spartacus and what was his influence on Roman civilization? Both these questions and more will be answered in our report. Spartacus was born and eventually sold into slavery. He was born in the Roman city of Thrace. There he joined and later deserted the ever powerful army of Rome. Little did he know that what was once his home army would turn to be the army threatening to kill him and his followers. In 71 B.C., after being caught as a deserter of the Roman army, he was sold as a slave to a gladiator trainer in Capua. He was then, trained as a gladiator for the spectators at coliseums. He was trained well and soon escaped from the tight grip of slavery. In 73 B.C., he and his fellow gladiator trainees escaped to the safety of the fabled Mount Vesuvius. There, he and his small group of followers met up with thousands of runaway slaves like themselves. The slaves had all gathered to mount one of the bloodiest, largest rebellions in all of time. As Spartacus as the leader, the rebel force in and around the mountain prepared themselves for war. This rebel uprising in southern Italy was later known as the Third Servile war, also known as the Gladiator's war. Spartacus's forces soon advanced and plundered miles of land. In this time, they were met by two Roman armies and destroyed them both. The rebel's forces soon overran all of southern Italy and looked like a formidable opponent for the Roman Empire. Spartacus quickly moved into the Cisalpine Gaul region, which was south of their previous position, and soon enough had defeated three Roman armies. Spartacus's armies decided to remain in Italy for the sake of plunder and marched even farther south. Spartacus had taken them here so that their armies would disperse and the soldiers could return home. Unfortunately many men did not return and they decided to stay and plunder the area. Once again they were met by the Roman armies led by the commander, Marcus Licinus Crassus. The rebel armies soon found great difficulties. The Roman army fought hard and soon pushed them into the narrow peninsula of Rhegium (now Reggio di Calabria). Spartacus's armies were now forced with the problem of escape. One night while the Romans were off guard, the rebels snuck past the Romans and fled to Lucania. At this point, Spartacus's armies had suffered severe casualties and were not very quick to move. The Roman Armies quickly pursued and in a last and final stand, the rebels fought hard but were soon surmounted by the overpowering Roman forces. In this last battle, Spartacus himself was killed and many of his followers suffered the same fate. Upon Spartacus's death, that marked the end of this great insurrection. The remaining followers of Spartacus soon fled the battle and retreated to the north. They were soon met by the armies of Pompey the Great and quickly obliterated by the large armies. All the prisoners obtained by the Romans during this great rebellion were crucified by the Roman armies. Just a few years later, one of the most famous people of all time would suffer the same means of execution. This Rebellion had a lasting effect on civilization because it showed the will power of the commoners and of slaves that, if in all cooperation, could easily overthrow any government. This brought about many reforms to balance wealth and power In conclusion, we hope you have learned from this brief report on the trials and tribulation's of Spartacus and his loyal followers who stuck with him till the end. History Reports

Egypt and Bank Misr essays

Egypt and Bank Misr essays Industrialization in Egypt is not a new phenomenon in fact; its been practiced over and over again through out its remarkable seven thousand years of history. Industrialization is the primary means of achieving economic development. In simpler terms it is only another step forward that civilizations go through once aware of the natural external forces surrounding them. In order to survive they must develop and this is only achieved through self actualization. Of course development has been practiced differently through out the centuries. For example, the Ancient Egyptians came to realize this concept and took effective measures to insure its prosperity. The Ancients realized that in order to grow and be strong they must feed the population. But to do so, they must protect it. So an army was needed to protect its development in agriculture. Egypts agriculture gave the means to founding the earliest stages of industrialization. From the wheat they made bread, in fact Egypt was considered to be the wheat basket of the world. From the cotton they produced textiles, which was the earliest form of industrialization in Egypts history. Another attempt at industrialization was done by Mohamed Ali. Conscious of his surroundings, he knew that the best way for Egypt to grow is through industrialization. The same concept of the ancients was applied too. He realized that growth can only be achieved through the control of agriculture. How ever Mahamed Ali had a different advantage from that of the ancients. Technology has improved over the centuries since the time of the ancients. So Mahamed Ali applied new technological methods in agriculture which enabled him to produce more. With enough food he was able to grow a strong army, and with the surplus he was able to trade thus establishing Egypts presences on the global market. Not only did he trade but he built infant textile industries to compete with the Bri...

Stable Isotope Analysis in Archaeology

Stable Isotope Analysis in Archaeology Stable isotope analysis is a scientific technique which is used by archaeologists and other scholars to collect information from an animals bones to identify the photosynthesis process of the plants it consumed during its lifetime. That information is enormously useful in a wide number of applications, from determining the dietary habits of ancient hominid ancestors to tracing the agricultural origins of seized cocaine and illegally poached rhinoceros horn.   What are Stable Isotopes? All of the earth and its atmosphere is made up of atoms of different elements, such as oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Each of these elements has several forms, based on their atomic weight (the number of neutrons in each atom). For example, 99 percent of all carbon in our atmosphere exists in the form called Carbon-12; but the remaining one percent carbon is made up of two several slightly different forms of carbon, called Carbon-13 and Carbon-14. Carbon-12 (abbreviated 12C) has an atomic weight of 12, which is made up of 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons- the 6 electrons dont add anything to the atomic weight. Carbon-13 (13C) still has 6 protons and 6 electrons, but it has 7 neutrons. Carbon-14 (14C) has 6 protons and 8 neutrons, which is too heavy to hold together in a stable way, and it emits energy to get rid of the excess, which is why scientists call it radioactive. All three forms react the exact same way- if you combine carbon with oxygen you always get carbon dioxide, no matter how many neutrons there are. The 12C and 13C forms are stable- that is to say, they don’t change over time. Carbon-14, on the other hand, is not stable but instead decays at a known rate- because of that, we can use its remaining ratio to Carbon-13 to calculate radiocarbon dates, but that’s another issue entirely. Inheriting Constant Ratios The ratio of Carbon-12 to Carbon-13 is constant in the earth’s atmosphere. There are always one hundred 12C atoms to one 13C atom. During the process of photosynthesis, plants absorb the carbon atoms in the earth’s atmosphere, water, and soil, and store them in the cells of their leaves, fruits, nuts, and roots. But, the ratio of the forms of carbon gets altered as part of the photosynthesis process.   During photosynthesis, plants alter the 100 12C/1 13C chemical ratio differently in different climatic regions. Plants that live in regions with lots of sun and little water have relatively fewer 12C atoms in their cells (compared to 13C) than do plants that live in forests or wetlands. Scientists categorize plants by the version of photosynthesis they use into groups called C3, C4, and CAM.   Are You What You Have Eaten? The ratio of 12C/13C is hardwired into the plant’s cells, and- here’s the best part- as the cells get passed up the food chain (i.e., the roots, leaves, and fruit are eaten by animals and humans), the ratio of 12C to 13C remains virtually unchanged as it is in turn stored in the bones, teeth, and hair of the animals and humans. In other words, if you can determine the ratio of 12C to 13C that is stored in an animals bones, you can figure out whether the plants they ate used C4, C3, or CAM processes, and therefore, what the environment of the plants was like. In other words, assuming you eat locally, where you live is hardwired into your bones by what you eat. That measuring is accomplished by mass spectrometer analysis. Carbon is not by a long shot the only element used by stable isotope researchers. Currently, researchers are looking at measuring the ratios of stable isotopes of oxygen, nitrogen, strontium, hydrogen, sulfur, lead, and many other elements that are processed by plants and animals. That research has led to a simply incredible diversity of human and animal dietary information. Earliest Studies The very first archaeological application of stable isotope research was in the 1970s, by South African archaeologist Nikolaas van der Merwe, who was excavating at the African Iron Age site of Kgopolwe 3, one of several sites in the Transvaal Lowveld of South Africa, called Phalaborwa. Van de Merwe found a human male skeleton in an ash heap that did not look like the other burials from the village. The skeleton was different, morphologically, from the other inhabitants of Phalaborwa, and he had been buried in a completely different manner than the typical villager. The man looked like a Khoisan; and Khoisans should not have been at Phalaborwa, who were ancestral Sotho tribesmen. Van der Merwe and his colleagues J. C. Vogel and Philip Rightmire decided to look at the chemical signature in his bones, and the initial results suggested that the man was a sorghum farmer from a Khoisan village who somehow had died at Kgopolwe 3. Applying Stable Isotopes in Archaeology The technique and results of the Phalaborwa study were discussed at a seminar at SUNY Binghamton where van der Merwe was teaching. At the time, SUNY was investigating Late Woodland burials, and together they decided it would be interesting to see if the addition of maize (American corn, a subtropical C4 domesticate) to the diet would be identifiable in people who formerly only had access to C3 plants: and it was.   That study became the first published archaeological study applying stable isotope analysis, in 1977. They compared the stable carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C) in the collagen of human ribs from an Archaic (2500-2000 BCE) and an Early Woodland (400–100 BCE) archaeological site in New York (i.e., before corn arrived in the region) with the 13C/12C ratios in ribs from a Late Woodland (ca. 1000–1300 CE) and a Historic Period site (after corn arrived) from the same area. They were able to show that the chemical signatures in the ribs were an indication that the maize was not present in the early periods, but had become a staple food by the time of the Late Woodland. Based on this demonstration and available evidence for the distribution of the stable carbon isotopes in nature, Vogel and van der Merwe suggested that the technique could be used to detect maize agriculture in the Woodlands and tropical forests of the Americas; determine the importance of marine foods in the diets of coastal communities; document changes in vegetation cover over time in savannas on the basis of browsing/grazing ratios of mixed-feeding herbivores; and possibly to determine origins in forensic investigations. New Applications of Stable Isotope Research Since 1977, applications of stable isotope analysis have exploded in number and breadth, using the stable isotope ratios of the light elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur in human and animal bone (collagen and apatite), tooth enamel and hair, as well as in pottery residues baked onto the surface or absorbed into the ceramic wall to determine diets and water sources. Light stable isotope ratios (usually of carbon and nitrogen) have been used to investigate such dietary components as marine creatures (e.g. seals, fish, and shellfish), various domesticated plants such as maize and millet; and cattle dairying (milk residues in pottery), and mother’s milk (age of weaning, detected in the tooth row). Dietary studies have been done on hominins from the present day to our ancient ancestors Homo habilis and the Australopithecines. Other isotopic research has focused on determining the geographic origins of things. Various stable isotope ratios in combination, sometimes including the isotopes of heavy elements like strontium and lead, have been used to determine whether the residents of ancient cities were immigrants or were born locally; to trace the origins of poached ivory and rhino horn to break up smuggling rings; and to determine the agricultural origins of cocaine, heroin, and the cotton fiber used to make fake $100 bills.   Another example of isotopic fractionation that has a useful application involves rain, which contains the stable hydrogen isotopes 1H and 2H (deuterium) and the oxygen isotopes 16O and 18O. Water evaporates in large quantities at the equator and the water vapor disperses to the north and south. As the H2O falls back to earth, the heavy isotopes rain out first. By the time it falls as snow at the poles, the moisture is severely depleted in the heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. The global distribution of these isotopes in the rain (and in tap water) can be mapped and the origins of the consumers can be determined by isotopic analysis of hair.   Sources and Recent Studies Grant, Jennifer. Of Hunting and Herding: Isotopic Evidence in Wild and Domesticated Camelids from the Southern Argentine Puna (2120–420years BP). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11 (2017): 29–37. Print.Iglesias, Carlos, et al. Stable Isotope Analysis Confirms Substantial Differences between Subtropical and Temperate Shallow Lake Food Webs. Hydrobiologia 784.1 (2017): 111–23. Print.Katzenberg, M. Anne, and Andrea L. Waters-Rist. Stable Isotope Analysis: A Tool for Studying Past Diet, Demography, and Life History. Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton. Eds. Katzenberg, M. Anne, and Anne L. Grauer. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2019. 467–504. Print.Price, T. Douglas, et al. Isotopic Provenancing of the . Antiquity 90.352 (2016): 1022–37. Print.Salme Ship Burials in Pre-Viking Age EstoniaSealy, J. C., and N. J. van der Merwe. On Approaches to Dietary Reconstruction in the Western Cape: Are You What You Have Eaten?- a Reply to Parkington. Journal of Archaeological Science 19.4 (1992): 459–66. Print. Somerville, Andrew D., et al. Diet and Gender in the Tiwanaku Colonies: Stable Isotope Analysis of Human Bone Collagen and Apatite from Moquegua, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158.3 (2015): 408–22. Print.Sugiyama, Nawa, Andrew D. Somerville, and Margaret J. Schoeninger. Stable Isotopes and Zooarchaeology at Teotihuacan, Mexico Reveal Earliest Evidence of Wild Carnivore Management in Mesoamerica. PLoS ONE 10.9 (2015): e0135635. Print.Vogel, J.C., and Nikolaas J. Van der Merwe. Isotopic Evidence for Early Maize Cultivation in New York State. American Antiquity 42.2 (1977): 238–42. Print.

Management Problem Solving - Systems Intervention Strategy (SIS) and Essay

Management Problem Solving - Systems Intervention Strategy (SIS) and Soft Systems Methodology - Essay Example Once they manage to get an order, administrative will be informed. Administrative staff then gets the order and starts planning the production. The second group is the Particular Sales Staff that administrative staffs often work with them. Their request has more priority that sales staffs taken orders. This means that if a particular sale staff and a sale staff request an order at the same time, the particular order will be selected first. This causes a delay to order delivery to non-particular requests or even may cause another plant get the order. This is what the staffs are concerning about and they want too find a solution for it. In figure one, the structure of the cement business is shown. Cement business itself is a part of a major conglomerate in UK that has separate plants scattered around the country. Each plant may produces the same cement product as another plant at the same or different region does. In figure two, the entities inside the current Cement Business and their relations are shown. In this figure, both plant1 and plant2 are competing on the upper order. The middle order is only requested by Plant2. The lower order is given to the plant1 by a particular staff. Administrative "The purpose of the root definition is to express the core purpose of some purposeful activity system."3 In table 1,every entity that has a kind of input and output with the system is stated. Each person sees the system on his/her own view. In this stage, we try to compare the conceptual model with its real model. We need to give the access to an order to only one staff at the same time. We need to reduce the points between the particular staff and the administrative staff. We also need to use a group of staffs and a group of administrative staffs. 6 and 7. The next stage is to see if the we can implement the conceptual model in real world or not. In fact

Strategic Position of McDonalds Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Position of McDonalds - Assignment Example The researcher states that McDonald's achieved a 27% revenue growth over the three years ending in 2007. The market success of any business largely depends on its product quality and service efficiency. It is clear that high-quality products can be designed, produced, and delivered only if high-quality people are employed. As Rioux and Bernthal point out, for any business like McDonald's offering customized services, efficiency in employee recruitment, selection, and retention is particularly vital to meet customer satisfaction and thereby promote market share growth. While analyzing McDonald’s recruitment and selection policy with reference to related practices such as training and development, staff turnover, and rewards and benefits, the policy seems strategic. To illustrate, the organization uses effective and extensive recruitment and training approaches to attract, identify, develop, and retain potential staff that would best suit McDonald’s long-term business int erests. McDonald's opened its first restaurant in the UK in 1974 and there were 1330 McDonald’s restaurants in the country by 2004. Like corporate giants like Walmart and Coca-Cola, McDonald's is also a world’s leading large-scale employer. As per records, in 2004, the company employed 43,491 people in its restaurants and they embraced 40,699 hourly paid workers, 2,292 managerial personnel, and 500 office staff. McDonald’s US franchisees employed further 25,000 people in 2004. Most of the McDonald’s employees are paid based on an hour-rate system and those employees are referred to as crew members.